Malcolm Chapman's 1992 book The Celts: The Construction of a Myth led to what archaeologist Barry Cunliffe has called a "politically correct disdain for the use of 'Celt.'" These authors usually opposed language preservation efforts. In the late 20th century some authors criticised the idea of modern Celtic identity, usually by downplaying the value of the linguistic component in defining culture and cultural connection, sometimes also arguing that there never was a common Celtic culture, even in ancient times. Cultural events to promote "inter-Celtic" cultural exchange also emerged. Art drew on the decorative styles of Celtic art produced by the ancient Celts and early medieval Christianity, along with folk-styles. Music typically drew on folk traditions within the Celtic nations. The Celtic revival also led to the emergence of musical and artistic styles identified as Celtic. with the foundation of the Celtic League in 1961, dedicated to preserving the surviving Celtic languages. After World War II, the focus of the Celtic movement shifted to linguistic revival and protectionism, e.g. There were also significant Welsh, Scottish, and Breton nationalist movements, giving rise to the concept of Celtic nations.
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By the late 19th century, it often took the form of ethnic nationalism, particularly within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, where the Irish War of Independence resulted in the secession of the Irish Free State, in 1922. The concept of modern Celtic identity evolved during the course of the 19th century into the Celtic Revival. The descendants of these ancient languages are the Brittonic ( Breton, Cornish, and Welsh variants) and Gaelic ( Irish, Manx, and Scottish variants) languages, and the people who speak them are considered modern Celts. They categorised the ancient Irish and British languages as Celtic languages. Lhuyd and others equated the Celts described by Greco-Roman writers with the pre-Roman peoples of France, Great Britain, and Ireland. Ī modern Celtic identity emerged in Western Europe following the identification of the native peoples of the Atlantic fringe as Celts by Edward Lhuyd in the 18th century. The modern Celts ( / k ɛ l t s/, see pronunciation of Celt) are a related group of ethnicities who share similar Celtic languages, cultures and artistic histories, and who live in or descend from one of the regions on the western extremities of Europe populated by the Celts. The six Celtic nations within their modern borders are shown in yellow ( Ireland, Isle of Man, Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany)
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